Definition and Examples of Contact Languages

A contact language is a marginal language (a type of lingua franca) used for purposes of basic communication by people with no common language. English as lingua franca (ELF), says Alan Firth, is a contact language between persons who share neither a common native tongue nor a common (national) culture, and for whom English is the chosen foreign language of communication (1996). Examples and Observations Ancient Greek around the Mediterranean basin, or later Latin throughout the Roman Empire, were both contact languages. They tend to vary in use in different local contexts, and there is often a great deal of local language interference. Latin, for example, later developed many local forms which eventually became French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and so on. The contact language usually dominates in situations in which the speakers of that language have military or economic power over other language users. . . .When the contact between groups of people is prolonged, a hybrid language can develop known as a pidgin. These tend to occur in situations where one language dominates, and there are two or more other languages at hand. (Peter Stockwell, Sociolinguistics: A Resource Book for Students. Routledge, 2002)The most often cited example of a (bilingual) mixed system is Michif, a contact language that developed in Canada between French-speaking fur traders and their Cree-speaking wiv es. (Naomi Baron, Alphabet to Email: How Written English Evolved. Routledge, 2001) English (or ELF) as a Contact Language English as a Lingua Franca (henceforth ELF) refers, in a nutshell, to the worlds most extensive contemporary use of English, in essence, English when it is used as a contact language between people from different first languages (including native English speakers). (Jennifer Jenkins,  English as a Lingua Franca in the International University: The Politics of Academic English Language Policy. Routledge, 2013)ELF [English as a Lingua Franca] provides a kind of global currency for people from a great variety of backgrounds who come into contact with one another and use the English language as a default means of communication. ELF as a contact language is often used in short contact situations, such that fleeting English norms are in operation, with variation being one of the hallmarks of ELF (Firth, 2009). Thus ELF does not function as a territorialized and institutionalized second language, nor can it be described as a variety with its own literary or cultural products, as is the ca se with the English language used for instance in Singapore, Nigeria, Malaysia, or India, where WE [World Englishes] have emerged in different ways from much longer contact situations. (Juliane House, Teaching Oral Skills in English as a Lingua Franca.  Principles and Practices for Teaching English as an International Language, ed. by  Lubna Alsagoff et al. Routledge, 2012) Modifications A very naive view of language contact would probably hold that speakers take bundles of formal and functional properties, semiotic signs so to speak, from the relevant contact language and insert them into their own language. . . . A probably more realistic view held in language contact research is that whatever kind of material is transferred in a situation of language contact, this material necessarily experiences some sort of modification through contact. (Peter Siemund, Language Contact in Language Contact and Contact Languages, ed. by P. Siemund and N. Kintana. John Benjamins, 2008)

Criminal Justice System And The Correctional Industry

The criminal justice system is made-up of three major components: the police, the courts, and corrections. The police are responsible for ensuring social peace and tranquility; in addition to finding, capturing, and helping bring lawbreakers to justice through effective investigative practices. The courts provide a platform for sifting through the evidence police gather to discover the facts of a crime; and render a punishment, set forth by the levels of government, for the crime(s). Finally, corrections is responsible for ensuring an offender fulfills the requirements of his/her court sentence. From this perspective, it is clear to see that each component operates somewhat independently, except for the correctional industry. The correctional industry functions rely on the actions of all criminal justice components. Correction is the â€Å"repository pool for the waterfall of the criminal justice system† (Horgan, 2012, para 9). The external stakeholders of the criminal justice system shape the correctional industry procedures. The functions of police agencies are complex. Law enforcement agencies are charged with upholding public order and the peace. Society has largely viewed law enforcement as crime fighters. Due to these social perceptions, law enforcement has often taken on this mindset. At times, this has led to police action that has violated the constitutional rights of the individuals they have encountered. Although police practices retain a considerableShow MoreRelatedCareer Goals And Knowledge Of Field And Program Essay1387 Words   |  6 Pages Witnessing this has inspired me to pursue a career in law enforcement and criminal justice. My ultimate goal after completing the Correctional Services Program is to apply to police agencies, and correctional institutions. 2. After multiple hours of research in the Correctional Services Program at Grant MacEwan the thing that interests me most in this program is that opens up doors to other careers in criminal justice. My goal is to become a police officer, but I am open to the opportunities whichRead MoreCorrectional Facilities And The Correctional Facility1645 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The correctional facilities in the United States of America are composed of operators that own or manage correctional facilities and halfway houses. Correctional facilities serve to confine and rehabilitate prisoners and may be classified as minimum, medium or maximum security facilities. The prisoners contained in the facilities may participate in educational and vocational programs as well as in paid programs or work release programs through the industry. Correctional facilities areRead MoreRacial Discrimination And The Criminal Justice System1725 Words   |  7 Pagesnon-equal treatment of members of that race. Also, this paper will be focusing on the race industry within the criminal justice system in all level law enforcement, courts and court system. Racial discrimination can be researched back in history its leading enablers take it as undisputable that the African American community has the highest number of incarceration rates result within the criminal justice system. A ccording to many evidence and statistics is can be stated that at a presidential primaryRead MoreParadigm Shift And The Evolving Corrections Environment Assignment1205 Words   |  5 PagesMarcia Outten-Robinson JUS-601-Q5344 Correctional Policy/Practice 15TW5 1-2 Short Paper: Paradigm Shift and the Evolving Corrections Environment Assignment Rewrite 4 Southern New Hampshire University Professor Michael Murphy July 11, 2015 Abstract This paper will try to explain how our correctional facilities use to be and what they are today. In today’s order, our correctional facilities are nothing like they were a long time ago. Foremost, the federal, state and local governmentsRead MoreJuvenile Justice Facilities : Protecting The Health And Wellness Of Our Youngest Inmates1370 Words   |  6 PagesPREA Mandates in Juvenile Justice Facilities: Protecting the Health and Wellness of our Youngest Inmates Jennifer Hulvat Kaplan University, J.D. Full Time Faculty March, 2015 The month of April brings a change of seasons around the country, and a new focus issue to the table; Health and Wellness. In the area of Juvenile Corrections, we might take this opportunity to revisit a topic I wrote about in February, â€Å"Incarcerated Youth at Risk: Is Your Facility Doing Enough to Avoid Liability?† UltimatelyRead MoreThe Ethics Of Substance Abuse956 Words   |  4 PagesFor years, I have desired to work within the addictions industry, as I am aware through my upbringing that substance abuse is a barrier that keeps a person from being who they truly are. But not only this, it stops them from feeling the pain of their life and the world. While attempting to protect themselves from the pain, it ultimately causes worse pain and detriment to their lives: being incarcerated and losing their freedom. What is worse, is never getting the help needed while incarceratedRead MoreThe Romanian Criminal Justice System1715 Words   |  7 Pages The Romanian Criminal Justice System Cory J. Mackley-Portley Texas State University – San Marcos The Romanian Criminal Justice System The history and evolution of any country is complex and open to the interpretation of progression or regression as defined by the reader. The history of its criminal justice system is no different. This is more so complicated in that this particular country, Romania, is in a relatively new post-communist era. To increase the understanding of the evolution of lawRead MoreAmeric Land Of The Incarcerated1296 Words   |  6 Pages† However, the current aggressive â€Å"tough on crime† approach by legislature and criminal justice system has transformed the once â€Å"land of the free† into a country of mass incarceration which emphasizes on punishing offenders rather than rehabilitating them into productive citizens. To the typical American, radical governments such as Russia or China come to mind when one thinks about countries that have strict criminal codes that punish offenders with extreme prison sentences. Shockingly, the UnitedRead MorePrison Development in the U.S. Essay1391 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States prison system is an important aspect of today’s society. Without the prison system, there would be no place for the law enforcement agencies to detain the criminals that they have apprehended. Now, prisons today are much nicer than the prisons of the past; it all began with the Pennsylvania system. The Pennsylvania system was â€Å"a form of imprisonment developed by the Pennsylvania Quakers around 1790 as an alternative to corporal punishments.† (Schmalleger, 411). This prison thatRead MoreThe Prison Of The United States : An Odd Form Of Protection Of Human Rights1658 Words   |  7 PagesTitle: The Prison Industry in the United States: An Odd Form of Protection of Human Rights Name: Yi Jia SID: 1466752 As a nation that constantly alleges its irreplaceable position in the world that with obligation to protect human rights, United States has finally â€Å"fulfilled† their promise to the inmates in prison in 2009. Since the overcrowding prison population far exceeded the designed prison scale, three federal judges from Supreme Court dubbed perhaps the most radical injunction

Chen Ta Erh The Time Bomb Essay Example For Students

Chen Ta Erh: The Time Bomb Essay Chen Ta Erh:The Time BombIn Mans Fate, Andre Malraux examines the compelling forces that lead individuals to join a greater cause. Forced into a life of contempt, Chen portrays the man of action in the early phases of the Chinese Revolution.He dedicates himself to the communist cause.It is something greater than himself, a phenomenal concept that he has fused into.It is something for which he will give his life.How did this devotion come about?A combination of his personality, his interior life, as well as societys influence, molded him into a terrorist. Chen is self-destructive; he is controlled by his religion of terrorism and his fascination with death.He is representative of the dedicated soldier who begins as a sacrificial priest (4) and ends as a martyr.After all, the ideologies of communism and terrorism were practically a religion to those involved in the revolution. An examination of Chens past gives us an idea of how he formed his beliefs, and fell into a state of isolation.At an early age, his parents were murdered in the pillage of Kalagan.In addition, at age twenty-four, his uncle was taken hostage and killed because he couldnt afford the ransom, and with no wife or children he was severed from any attachment to a family. He was practically brought up by pastor Smithson, representative of the thousands of Christians that were present in Shanghai, who gave him his Christian education.However, as he was devoid of charity, a religious calling could lead him only to contemplation or the inner life; but he hated contemplation and would only have dreamt of an apostleship, for which precisely his absence of charity disqualified him (64). Thus, he was unable to be a devout Christian, and in addition to this Old Gisors makes a comment about Chens basis for a belief:No sooner had he observed Chen than he had understood that!this adolescent was incapab le of living by an ideology which did not immediately become transformed into action.(64). Although he is Chinese ethnically, he felt estranged and unconnected to his heritage.His separation from his ethnicity can be demonstrated through his physical appearance which relates more to a Mongolian than a Chinese national. His attachment to a class rather than a nation is reflected in Suan, who states I dont want to create China I want to create my people, with or without her.The poor.Its for them that Im willing to die, to kill.For them only. (189).It is clear that Chen and Suan do not feel as though they are part of China, and the quote also indicates that one of the chief reasons for feeling this way is their economic condition.For it was a time when many were starving in China, and agrarian land reform was most desperately needed.Colonialism causes an indeterminate quality ofidentity, and it creates a need for a radical change to link people such as Chen to a culture.They have been tainted by foreign culture, and no one feels like an !insider.Chen has been shaped by this society and wants to diminish the suffering that it has brought about. It is the historical situation that Chen is in that helps him make the choices that he does. At 24 years of age, Chen had no money, but only worthless diplomas.He was a truck driver, then an assistant chemist:everything had pushed him into political activity:the hope of a different world, the possibility of eating, though wretchedly (he was naturally austere, perhaps through pride), the gratification of his hatreds, his mind, his character.This activity gave a meaning to his solitude(65).It leads him to fight to unite everyone under a big community, where they escape from isolation and live more equal lives. .u332cad133584df036c22b63dccf058f9 , .u332cad133584df036c22b63dccf058f9 .postImageUrl , .u332cad133584df036c22b63dccf058f9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u332cad133584df036c22b63dccf058f9 , .u332cad133584df036c22b63dccf058f9:hover , .u332cad133584df036c22b63dccf058f9:visited , .u332cad133584df036c22b63dccf058f9:active { border:0!important; } .u332cad133584df036c22b63dccf058f9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u332cad133584df036c22b63dccf058f9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u332cad133584df036c22b63dccf058f9:active , .u332cad133584df036c22b63dccf058f9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u332cad133584df036c22b63dccf058f9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u332cad133584df036c22b63dccf058f9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u332cad133584df036c22b63dccf058f9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u332cad133584df036c22b63dccf058f9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u332cad133584df036c22b63dccf058f9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u332cad133584df036c22b63dccf058f9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u332cad133584df036c22b63dccf058f9 .u332cad133584df036c22b63dccf058f9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u332cad133584df036c22b63dccf058f9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Acid Rain Is A Problem That Has Plagued Earth For Years. It Is Poisoni EssayChen can not live in his present situation, however The world they were preparing condemned him Chen as much as it did that of their enemies(103).What would he do in a factory? He is not taken as a working class member, as seen by the scene in which the antiquarian believes him to be of the higher class. The store clerk is somewhat justified for Chen lies between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, with his University of Peking education.However, Chen is not rich either.Thus, it is apparent that once the revolution came to an end he would not fit into the new order.There is no place for him in t he old wor..ld or the new; he is an instrument of destruction. Chen lives by the ideology of action terrorism.Even his physical appearance is suggestive of his line of work.He has hawk-like physical features, indicating a bird of prey.Chen clearly states his intentions:Im not looking for peace.Im looking for the opposite. (173).In addition, Chen devotion to his cause is phenomenal.To him, terrorism is even greater than a religion.This is seen through the dialogue between Gisors and Chen.Gisors asks You want to make a kind of religion of terrorism? (192), and Chen responds, Not a religion.The meaning of life. Thethe complete possession of oneself.Total. Absolute.To know.Not to be looking, looking, always, for ideas, for duties(192).It becomes clear as to how it is possible to commit ones life to the cause. The cause, which is a means to an end, becomes the end in itself. However, it is not so easy to take the life of another.He is hesitant about killing someone else, but to a large degree he has no choice.This is perhaps the most important conflict between human impulse and his ideology. This dichotomy is further exemplified through the transition from Chens state of mind to the outside, and the inability to recognize ones own recorded voice.These are representative of the switch between the individual mind and the bigger causes to which he serves, as well as the existential dilemma that each individual is cut off from himself.In the end it is the ideology that takes power over him.For it is much more important to serve the higher objective, and he serves it as a sacrificial priest. Chen makes his connection with others through death.This can be demonstrated through Hemmelrichs experience:It came to him suddenly that life was not the only mode of contact between human beings, that it was not even the best; that he could know them, love them, possess them more completely in vengeance than in life.One can kill with love' (267).This is supported by Chens actions.For before Chen kills he always inflicts upon himself some sort of physical harm.In doing so he feels what his victim will feel, and Chen identifies with him in this way. Chen, like many followers of the revolution, were completely dedicated to the cause.However, it is ironicthat it is still the Chinese who do the dirty work.It is he who kills the first victim of the insurrection to get the document necessary to gain access to the guns, and it is he who takes the most physically active role and eventually gives his life for the cause.It is those who are not ethnically Chinese who are giving the orders, and assuming the highest positions.So dedicated is Chen that the fear of death does not ward him off, it actually calls him to battle, and he decides to continue as planned to kill Chiang Kai-Shek.Despite the fact that people who fail in an attempted suicide rarely try again, Chen goes out for a second assault. He wants the action of the revolution, yet he realizes that if Chiang Kai-Shek were killed and Chen lived then he would be obsolete as a terrorist.His ultimate fulfillment is brought about by dying for his cause. .u0b6966e3a60398e4c53eef8dc48267ba , .u0b6966e3a60398e4c53eef8dc48267ba .postImageUrl , .u0b6966e3a60398e4c53eef8dc48267ba .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0b6966e3a60398e4c53eef8dc48267ba , .u0b6966e3a60398e4c53eef8dc48267ba:hover , .u0b6966e3a60398e4c53eef8dc48267ba:visited , .u0b6966e3a60398e4c53eef8dc48267ba:active { border:0!important; } .u0b6966e3a60398e4c53eef8dc48267ba .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0b6966e3a60398e4c53eef8dc48267ba { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0b6966e3a60398e4c53eef8dc48267ba:active , .u0b6966e3a60398e4c53eef8dc48267ba:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0b6966e3a60398e4c53eef8dc48267ba .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0b6966e3a60398e4c53eef8dc48267ba .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0b6966e3a60398e4c53eef8dc48267ba .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0b6966e3a60398e4c53eef8dc48267ba .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0b6966e3a60398e4c53eef8dc48267ba:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0b6966e3a60398e4c53eef8dc48267ba .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0b6966e3a60398e4c53eef8dc48267ba .u0b6966e3a60398e4c53eef8dc48267ba-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0b6966e3a60398e4c53eef8dc48267ba:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: In Cold Blood EssayFor h!e knows how much weight an idea acquires through the blood that is shed in its name.Chens thought before he kills himself indicates that he achieves a peace through suicide:And suddenly everything seemed extraordinarily easy to Chen.Things, even actions, did not exist; they were dreams, nothing but dreams which take possession of us because we give them force, but which we can just as easily deny (180).This is further reinforced by Chens idea thatIn the last hour I have felt nothing of what used to weigh on me (192). Chen is the terrorist for the insurrection. His faith had isolated himself from the world instead of submitting to it.We have a personal need for connection, Chen is isolated until the end, when all differences are subsumed. Communism gives a sense of escaping isolation.For under this ideology there is a personal connection and an feeling of equality.It is the ultimate fulfillment to live his idea, and more importantly to die for his cause a cause that is much greater than the individual.In the end Chen becomes the bomb. BibliographyMalraux, Andre.Mans Fate:La Condition Humaine. New York: Vintage Books.1990

Tune Hotel Porter 5 Forces Essay Example

Tune Hotel Porter 5 Forces Essay As an industry dealing with services, Tune. com Hotel has its structure that shapes the competition within tourism industry in term of positioning the company to cope best with both the industry environment and to influence the environment in favor of the company (Pearce Robinson, p. 95). There are 5 forces analysis in driving industry competition advocated by Michael E. Porter, they are some general principle that applicable for any type of business, particularly for Tune. om Hotel Company set up in Malaysia. This competitive forces shape Tune. com Hotel generic strategy in order to accomplish the company’s objective, that is to accommodate the guests with greater value. The five forces analyses on tourism industries service from Tune. com Hotel point of view are as follow. 1. The threat of new entrants. A barrier to entry or threat of entry is high, because of the factors below. * Economies of scale Promote better economy of scale. Mark Lankester said, ‘With the opening of more hotels, there has been a better economy of scale and the company has become more cost efficient, and hence the admin fee is no longer relevant and the savings can be passed to the guests,’ (Malaysia Reserve, p. 32). Tune has become more cost efficient as the hotel covers the central, northern southern, eastern and western part of Malaysia. As the results, Tune scraps the administrative fee for bookings. * Product differentiation and brand identity Tune offers greater savings to guests through room charging with the option of special comfort package. It aims to provide convenience and comfort to tourists and holidaymakers as well as businessman. In addition Tune has been named among 20 most innovative brands. Advertisement and customer service develop its brand identification that consequently built customer loyalty. There have been more than two million guests of Tune. * Capital requirement Tune hotel invests over RM907 million for new hotels indicates a need of large capital injection. The financial services arm Tune Group is Tune Money Sdn Bhd. * Government policy It is compulsory to register the accommodation premises and to comply with the Laws of Malaysia specifically the Tourism Industry Act. * Access to distribution channels Sooner a network of 30 hotels worldwide would be built in Malaysia, London, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand and Australia as stated by the CEO of Tune, ‘This is part of our plan to have 100 hotels around the world by 2015’ () 2. Bargaining power of supplier Supplier power is low as they have limited bargaining power due to the lowest cost operations philosophy of Tune Hotels. We will write a custom essay sample on Tune Hotel Porter 5 Forces specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Tune Hotel Porter 5 Forces specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Tune Hotel Porter 5 Forces specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The suppliers are King Koil, bedmakers who supply beds to 5-star hotels; Pensonic Holdings Bhd supplies AC, plasma TV and ceiling fan; Nippon Paint, CIMB Bank, supplier of cell phone banking; Orlando; Maggie; and Senses, supplier of amenities. Strong relationship with these strategic partners is biggest advantages of company. 3. Bargaining power of buyer Buyer Power is low as the clients would not bargain any lower because Tune provides 5-star beds at incredible value and affordability and promote the concept pay-as-you-use as well as â€Å"no-frills† hotel concept. . Threat of substitutes Threat of substitutes is high indicated by the instances of stronghold of guesthouses in Kuala Lumpur and hostels available at budget price, moreover high demand existence among students and backpackers. 5. Intensity of rivalry Competitive rivalry within hotel industry is high as the factor of variety customer preferential profile. There some customers are willing to pay more because of the ideal location and offer attractive packages by the competitors.

MIDDLE EAST Essays - Western Asia, Arabian Peninsula,

MIDDLE EAST MIDDLE EAST Regional Makeup- There are three main regions that make up the Middle East. The Fertile Cresent it includes the countries of Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Isreal, and Jordan. It is a 1000 mile long area of, fertile land and is shaped like a cresent moon. Another region is the Highlands it includes the countries of Turkey, Iran, and Afghanistan.A sereies of mountain ranges stretch through these countries. They are the Taurus Mountains,Elburz Mountains, and the Zagros Mountains.A third region is the Arabian Peninsula it is bordered by the Red Sea, Persian Gulf and,Arabian Sea. Its land area is about 1 milloin squaremiles Saudi Arabia the largest country in the Middle East takes up much of the area. Much of the rest is covered by the Rub' al-Khali or the empty quarter. Physical Features- There are many physical features made up of water such as seas the Red, Mediterranean, Dead, Caspian, Arabain, and Black. Rivers the Euphrates and Tigris are the main rivers. Straits the Bosporus and the Dardanelles. Gulfs Aden, Persian, and Oman. There is also two plateaus the Iranian and the Anatolian and three main mountain chains Zagros, Elburz, and the Taurus. Deserts the Rub' al-Khali (empty quater). Lifestyles- If you lived in the Middle East you would probally not have much money and no material things. You have to work all day to survive the types of work you would probally be doing is herding sheep,weaving baskets,selling fruit at the markets,and trading goods. Languages- Pastro,Dari,Farsi,Turkish,Kurdish,Arabic,Persian,Hebrew,English,French, and Armenian. Major agricultural,manufactured, and exported products- Exports-Crude Oil,Petroleum, Services, Machinery,Diamonds, and Natural Gas. Imports-Motor Vehicles, Machinery,Food,and Crude Oil. Agriculture-sheep and fruits. The thing that interested me most about the Middle East is that if you are a muslim you must visit Mecca at least once in your life if you can afford it. That interests me because if you are catholic you do not have to visit Vatican City home of the Pope. Another thing that interested me about the muslim religion is that you must pray in the direction of Mecca wich is the most holy city in the muslim religion. Extra tidbits of information- In our textbooks it states that three major religions were started in the Middle East they were Judism,Christianity,and Islamic but I found out that a fourht major religion was also started there it is Zoroastrianism. The meaning for the word muslim is "Those who surrender to gods will" In sixth century B.C. the Persians overran the whole Middle East and set up a ruling system that became the model for all later empires.

Ragtime Essays - Ragtime, Harry Houdini, Escapology, Free Essays

Ragtime Essays - Ragtime, Harry Houdini, Escapology, Free Essays Ragtime In the classic E.L. Doctorow novel, Ragtime, we see the juxtaposition of many motifs to represent Doctorow?s view of the early century. By combining history and fiction Doctorow allows himself to write a semi-accurate interpretation of the early 1900?s while also being able to strongly express his own biases and opinions of the era. The biggest, and perhaps most important theme Doctorow applies in the novel is social tension, or the battle of the rich versus the poor. Other important themes include rebirth, racial tension, and high randomness of events. By using these themes and others, movie makers created a film, which they believe best represents Doctorow?s views. It is apparent that Doctorow clearly favors the poor, lower class, in their struggle for economic and social mobility against the few, rich, upper class citizens. Doctorow?s thoughts are best depicted through the novel?s characters. Tateh, Coalhouse Walker and Sarah are all characters who are portrayed as ?good?. These characters, while representing a wide range of economic success, all symbolize socially challenged individuals. Throughout the novel, Doctorow always chooses these or similar types of characters to be the protagonists. Doctorow wants the reader to feel for Coalhouse?s situation. He wants the reader to hope that Willie Conklin is harmed and the Model T Ford is repaired. On the other hand, Doctorow tells a different tale for the economic elite, upper echelon of society, represented by J.P. Morgan and Henry Ford. Morgan is presented as a snobbish old man, who always gets his way, and we are supposed to feel no remorse for him when his museum is broken int! o. We, the readers, are inclined to agree with Doctorow?s opinion only because that is the way he planned it. Doctorow did not touch on any negative aspects of Coalhouse Walker?s actions, such as innocent firemen that he killed, and their families, perhaps, because this might sway the reader?s belief as to Coalhouse?s innocence. The film, Ragtime, does support Doctorow?s social tension beliefs, however it leaves more things open for the reader to decide. For example the book gives the impression that Coalhouse is killing the racist bad firemen. The movie shows him shooting and blowing up firemen, who perhaps could be ?good? people. The concept of rebirth is used liberally by Doctorow. Doctorow commonly has a character go through a major transmogrification, or rebirth. This rebirth ordinarily happens when moving from one social class to another. Tateh, Houdini, Coalhouse, and mother?s younger brother and clearly are examples of these rebirths. When Tateh goes from being a poor street peddler to a rich movie maker, he goes through a transformation. Tateh starts dressing and acting a lot differently, perhaps also forgetting his Jewish heritage and 5000 years of oppression. Houdini?s alteration is greater than Tateh?s. Houdini goes from a not so well off family to a rich and famous escape artist. Through this social change, Houdini changes his Jewish name Erich Weiss to a more appropriate Christian name of Harry Houdini. As well as changing his name, Houdini also seemed to forget his background. However, later in the novel we find out that Houdini did in fact not forget his heritage. He just cha! nged his name as a career move. Coalhouse Walker?s rebirth is much more dramatic and swift than Tateh?s or Houdini?s. Coalhouse goes from a fine upstanding citizen to a disgruntled man, caught at the end of a racist prank, and out for revenge. At one point, "He sat down with a sheet over his shoulder and permitted one of the young men to shave his head and his neat mustache. The change in him was striking," (). This symbolic and actual rebirth occurs as Coalhouse moves from being a wealthy prominent musician to a fugitive on the run. Mother?s younger brother also goes through a rebirth. His rebirth involves going from a wealthy family to a fugitive gang. Because of this social change, Doctorow has mother?s younger brother go through a rebirth as well. This was in the form of him putting black makeup on his face to fit in with Coalhouse?s black gang. All four of these examples express Doctorow?s opinion that in order to go through a social change, one must go

Air pollution of vehicles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Air pollution of vehicles - Essay Example Though vehicle-exhaust harmful pollutants are terribly dangerous to human health, the concerns about air or atmospheric pollution mainly grow in response to the drastic natural and climatic changes in the world-environment. One of such concerns of the scientists and the climatologists about the changes in the environment is ‘global warming’ that is directly resulted from vehicle-emission related air pollution (Dispensa & Brule, 2003, p.87). There are about seven pollutants, such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, Nitrogen Oxides, sulfur dioxides, etc found in vehicle emission. More than half of these pollutants have serious greenhouse effects on the nature and directly takes part in global worming. Due to the hazardous effects of vehicle emissions on human health and world environment, scientists and technologists have come up with the ideas of a number of non-polluting vehicle technologies that will greatly contribute to the reduction of the vehicle-emission related ai r pollutions. Present non-polluting technologies primarily pivot on reducing the emissions. Two of such pollution-resistant technologies are: Hybrid Electric Energy vehicle (HEEV) and Hydrogen fuel Combustion vehicle (HFCV). Pollutants in Traditional Fossil Fuel Vehicle Emission Traditional fossil fuel vehicle pollutions are related to three sectors such exhaust, evaporation and refueling emission. While evaporation and refueling pollute the environment by directly mixing the evaporated fuel with the air, the exhaustion related pollutants are produced by combusting and burning the fuels while producing a number of substances that pose great threats to both human health and environment. A study by the US Department of Energy shows that there is a number of pollutant substances produced at different stages of the combustion in a vehicle engine. Whereas most of these pollutants are carcinogenic, the greenhouse gas emissions such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, etc are responsible f or the rise in the temperature of the atmosphere. The carcinogenic substances are mainly responsible for causing cancer in human body. A list of vehicle exhaust pollutant along with their causes and effects are shown in the following table: Traits of Vehicle Emission that Need to be addressed Reducing air pollution is, to a great extent, a technical issue that depends on the availability as well as the adaptability of technologies with modern lifestyle, as Kjellstrom says, â€Å"Technologies to reduce pollution at its source are plentiful, as are technologies that reduce pollution by filtering it away from the emission source† (819). Technologies that contribute to the reduction of air pollution involve the use of lead-free fossil fuel and the use of â€Å"catalytic converters on a vehicle’s exhaust way. These technologies show significant results in the reduction of some particular air pollutants from vehicles. Yet the slogan that ‘the cleaner the air, the bett er the world’ does not always goes with the expectation of modern trade and commerce. Air pollution intervention programs often find it difficult to make themselves cost effective as well as adaptable to modern lifestyle. For example, while Hydrogen Fuel Combustion technologies hold a great prospect of being the replacement of the fossil fuel energy, they are not